A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity

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   Figure 1

   Insulin’s effects are exerted through direct actions on target cells such as adipocytes, and also through autocrine feed-back on beta-cells. The number and function of beta-cells dictate insulin secretion levels and patterns that control adipogenesis and lipid homeostasis.
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   Figure 2

   Insulin acts through multiple mechanisms to stimulate lipid uptake and storage and to inhibit lipid breakdown. Additional details have been expertly reviewed by Czech et al. (2013).

• © 2017 Society for Endocrinology