Protocatechuic acid exerts a cardioprotective effect in type 1 diabetic rats
- Yoswaris Semaming1,2,
- Sirinart Kumfu1,3,
- Patchareewan Pannangpetch1,2,
- Siriporn C Chattipakorn1,4 and
- Nipon Chattipakorn1,3⇑
- 1Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
3Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine
4Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Chattipakorn; Email: nchattip{at}gmail.com
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Figure 1
Effects of pharmacological interventions on plasma HbA1c and cardiac MDA levels. At the end of treatments, (A) plasma HbA1c level was increased in DMV rats, all treatments significantly decreased plasma HbA1c levels in diabetic rats. (B) Cardiac MDA level was elevated in DMV rats, and all treatments decreased cardiac MDA level in diabetic rats. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m. NMV, normal rats treated with vehicle; DMV, diabetic rats treated with vehicle; DMI, diabetic rats treated with insulin, 4 U/kg; DML, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 50 mg/kg; DMH, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 100 mg/kg; DMHI, DMH+insulin, 4 U/kg. *P<0.05 vs NMV, †P<0.05 vs DMV, ‡P<0.05 vs DMI.
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Figure 2
Effects of pharmacological interventions on cardiac mitochondrial function and morphology. (A) Cardiac mitochondrial ROS production was increased in DMV rats; all treatments reduced mitochondrial ROS production in diabetic rats. (B) Cardiac mitochondrial swelling was increased in DMV rats; all treatments prevented mitochondrial swelling in diabetic rats. (C) Cardiac mitochondrial membrane depolarization was increased in DMV rats; all treatments prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization in diabetic rats. (D) Representative TEM images of mitochondrial morphology. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m. NMV, normal rats treated with vehicle; DMV, diabetic rats treated with vehicle; DMI, diabetic rats treated with insulin, 4 U/kg; DML, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 50 mg/kg; DMH, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 100 mg/kg; DMHI, DMH+insulin, 4 U/kg. *P<0.05 vs NMV and †P<0.05 vs DMV.
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Figure 3
Effects of pharmacological interventions on cardiac BAX and BCL2 levels. (A) Cardiac BAX expression was not different among groups. (B) Cardiac BCL2 expression was decreased in DMV rats; all treatments increased cardiac BCL2 expression in diabetic rats. (C) Representative blot bands for BAX and BCL2 in each group. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m. NMV, normal rats treated with vehicle; DMV, diabetic rats treated with vehicle; DMI, diabetic rats treated with insulin, 4 U/kg; DML, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 50 mg/kg; DMH, diabetic rats treated with PCA, 100 mg/kg; DMHI, DMH+insulin, 4 U/kg. *P<0.05 vs NMV and †P<0.05 vs DMV.
- © 2014 Society for Endocrinology
