The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis

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   Figure 1

   GH and IGF1 signaling and action in skeletal muscle and osteoblastic cells. Individual signaling molecules with the phosphorylated amino acid residues are indicated. GHR, GH receptor. IGF1R, insulin growth factor 1 receptor.
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   Figure 2

   A schematic model of the mechanisms leading to sarcopenia, osteoporosis, physical impairment, and functional limitations and disabilities in aging subjects.

• © 2010 Society for Endocrinology