The effects of intensive, long-term treadmill running on reproductive hormones, hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis, and semen quality: a randomized controlled study

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   Figure 1

   Study design.
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   Figure 2

   The participant flow diagram.
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   Figure 3

   (A–D) Semen parameters during running and recovery periods. All data are shown as mean. HIE, high-intensity exercise and MIE, moderate-intensity exercise.
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   Figure 4

   (A–D) Serum hormones levels during running and recovery periods. All data are shown as mean. HIE, high-intensity exercise and MIE, moderate-intensity exercise.
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   Figure 5

   (A, B) FSH and LH, and (C) testosterone responses of subjects to GnRH analog, and hCG, at the end of running and recovery phases. HIE, high-intensity exercise; MIE, moderate-intensity exercise; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin.

• © 2009 Society for Endocrinology