Neuroendocrine integration of nutritional signals on reproduction

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   Figure 1

   Schematic diagram illustrating the major neuronal populations targeted by nutritional signals to promote (grey circles) or suppress (black circles) the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. Solid arrows represent pathways identified to be absolutely required for fertility, whereas dotted arrows represent pathways shown to be critically involved but not required (as identified through Cre-LoxP gene deletion experiments). The thickness of arrow represents an estimate of the potency of the effect based on the reviewed literature. Blue arrows indicate leptin effects, orange arrows indicate insulin effects and green arrows indicate combined leptin and insulin effects. Pathways not represented by arrows are not critically involved (e.g. effects of ghrelin are not shown as the deletion of ghrelin or its receptor do not disrupt reproductive drive). AgRP/NPY, agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y; DA, dopamine; GALP, galanin-like peptide; Kiss, kisspeptin; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; POMC/CART, pro-opiomelanocortin/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; SF1, steroidogenic factor-1; VTA, ventral tegmental area. *, co-expression data is not available.

• © 2017 Society for Endocrinology