The emerging role of the mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin in stress resistance

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   Figure 1

   The humanin open reading frame (ORF). Humanin is encoded by an ORF within the gene for the 16s ribosomal subunit within the mitochondrial genome.
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   Figure 2

   Function of specific amino acid residues within humanin. Mutational analysis of humanin has allowed for the importance of each amino acid to be elucidated. Important amino acids are marked with their function as noted in the key.
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   Figure 3

   Humanin's mechanism of action and interacting partners. Humanin has shown to have both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of action. Many of its potential effects are mediated by the FPRL receptor as well as the trimeric WSX1/CNTF/gp130 receptor. Intracellularly, it interacts with many different proteins acting as a pro-survival signal.
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   Figure 4

   Alignment of mitochondrial humanin with possible nuclear homologs. Ten different nuclear-encoded humanin (HN) homologs have been reported with all but one encoding for slightly different proteins than humanin. *Humanin-like protein 8 has a reported polymorphism that would cause it to be identical to mitochondrially encoded humanin.

• © 2013 Society for Endocrinology