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¹ Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine
² Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
³ Deeley Research Centre, Vancouver Island Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Ave, Victoria, British Columbia, V8R 6V5 Canada

(Correspondence should be addressed to L C Murphy; Email: lcmurph{at}cc.umanitoba.ca)

Multiple sites of phosphorylation on human estrogen receptor (ER) have been identified by a variety of methodologies. Now with the emerging availability of phospho-site-specific antibodies to ER, the relevance of phosphorylation of ER in human breast cancer in vivo is being explored. Multiple phosphorylated sites in ER can be detected in multiple breast tumor biopsy samples, providing evidence of their relevance to human breast cancer in vivo. Published data suggest that the detection in primary breast tumors of phosphorylation at some sites in ER is associated with a better clinical outcome while phosphorylation at other sites is associated with a poorer clinical outcome most often in patients who have been treated with tamoxifen. This suggests the hypothesis that phospho-profiling of ER in human breast tumors to establish an ‘ER phosphorylation code’, may be a more accurate marker of prognosis and/or response to endocrine therapy in human breast cancer.

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