...fetus ~~~

...the pathophysiology of IUGR and programing events in the fetal endocrine pancreas. Animal models of IUGR replicate many of the observations in severe cases of human IUGR and allow us to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of developmental and functional defects in islet from IUGR fetuses. Almost all ~~~

...fetus carrying the same heterozygous mutation in TRβ. In all three cases, the infant showed a normal neuro(psycho) logical development at 20–24 months of age. Obviously, the risks and benefits of TA3 administration during pregnancy should be carefully weighted. Nevertheless, these studies suggest th ~~~

...E14.5 (1 g/kg/h) before the collection of placentae. Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions were extracted from placentae of male and female fetuses for Western blot analysis of GR isoforms. Eight known isoforms of the GR were detected in the mouse placenta including the translational isoforms ~~~

...fetus and the ischemic tissues of critically ill patients suggests that hypoxia induces D3 expression (Richard et al. 1998, Huang et al. 2003, Peeters et al. 2003). The D3 expression is regulated through HIF-dependent pathway in hypoxic– ischemic heart disease using a rat model. Consequently, the el ~~~

...). In humans, reduced growth before birth is also associated with altered left ventricular mass (Vijayakumar et al. 1995), with intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses having a larger heart relative to their body weight (Veilleetal. 1993). Furthermore, the altered left ventricular hypertrophy ~~~

...were reduced by 25% in IUGR fetuses compared to those in controls (CON). The ratio of PAX7+ nuclei (a marker of myoblasts) to total nuclei was maintained in IUGR muscle compared to CON, but the fraction of PAX7+ myoblasts that also expressed Ki-67 (a marker of cellular proliferation) was reduced by 23 ~~~