Journal of Endocrinology

References

1. ↵
   1. Airaksinen MS &
   2. Saarma M

   2002 The GDNF family: signalling, biological functions and therapeutic value. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 3 383–394.
2. ↵
   1. Arighi E,
   2. Borrello MG &
   3. Sariola H

   2005 RET tyrosine kinase signaling in development and cancer. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 16 441–467.
3. 1. Avarbock MR,
   2. Brinster CJ &
   3. Brinster RL

   1996 Reconstitution of spermatogenesis from frozen spermatogonial stem cells. Nature Medicine 2 693–696.
4. ↵
   1. Boettger-Tong HL,
   2. Johnston DS,
   3. Russell LD,
   4. Griswold MD &
   5. Bishop CE

   2000 Juvenile spermatogonial depletion (jsd) mutant seminiferous tubules are capable of supporting transplanted spermatogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 63 1185–1191.
5. ↵
   1. Bowles J &
   2. Koopman P

   2007 Retinoic acid, meiosis and germ cell fate in mammals. Development 134 3401–3411.
6. ↵
   1. Braydich-Stolle L,
   2. Kostereva N,
   3. Dym M &
   4. Hofmann MC

   2007 Role of Src family kinases and N-Myc in spermatogonial stem cell proliferation. Developmental Biology 304 34–45.
7. ↵
   1. Brinster RL &
   2. Zimmermann JW

   1994 Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. PNAS 91 11298–11302.
8. ↵
   1. Buaas FW,
   2. Kirsh AL,
   3. Sharma M,
   4. McLean DJ,
   5. Morris JL,
   6. Griswold MD,
   7. de Rooij DG &
   8. Braun RE

   2004 Plzf is required in adult male germ cells for stem cell self-renewal. Nature Genetics 36 647–652.
9. ↵
   1. Caires KC,
   2. de Avila J &
   3. McLean DJ

   2009 Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates germ cell survival during establishment of spermatogenesis in the bovine testis. Reproduction 138 667–677.
10. ↵
    1. Creemers LB,
    2. Meng X,
    3. den Ouden K,
    4. van Pelt AM,
    5. Izadyar F,
    6. Santoro M,
    7. Sariola H &
    8. de Rooij DG

    2002 Transplantation of germ cells from glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-overexpressing mice to host testes depleted of endogenous spermatogenesis by fractionated irradiation. Biology of Reproduction 66 1579–1584.
11. ↵
    1. Dann CT,
    2. Alvarado AL,
    3. Molyneux LA,
    4. Denard BS,
    5. Garbers DL &
    6. Porteus MH

    2008 Spermatogonial stem cell self renewal requires OCT4, a factor down-regulated during retinoic acid induced differentiation. Stem Cells 26 2928–2937.
12. ↵
    1. De Gendt K,
    2. Swinnen JV,
    3. Saunders PT,
    4. Schoonjans L,
    5. Dewerchin M,
    6. Devos A,
    7. Tan K,
    8. Atanassova N,
    9. Claessens F,
    10. Lecureuil C
    11. et al.

    2004 A Sertoli cell-selective knockout of the androgen receptor causes spermatogenic arrest in meiosis. PNAS 101 1327–1332.
13. ↵
    1. Dufour JM &
    2. Kim KH

    1999 Cellular and subcellular localization of six retinoid receptors in rat testis during postnatal development: identification of potential heterodimeric receptors. Biology of Reproduction 61 1300–1308.
14. ↵
    1. Ergun S,
    2. Kilic N,
    3. Fiedler W &
    4. Mukhopadhyay AK

    1997 Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in normal human testicular tissue. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 131 9–20.
15. ↵
    1. Fouchecourt S,
    2. Godet M,
    3. Sabido O &
    4. Durand P

    2006 Glial cell-line-derived neurotropic factor and its receptors are expressed by germinal and somatic cells of the rat testis. Journal of Endocrinology 190 59–71.
16. ↵
    1. Fuchs E,
    2. Tumbar T &
    3. Guasch G

    2004 Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche. Cell 116 769–778.
17. ↵
    1. Fuller MT &
    2. Spradling AC

    2007 Male and female Drosophila germline stem cells: two versions of immortality. Science 316 402–404.
18. ↵
    1. Guan K,
    2. Nayernia K,
    3. Maier LS,
    4. Wagner S,
    5. Dressel R,
    6. Lee JH,
    7. Nolte J,
    8. Wolf F,
    9. Li M,
    10. Engel W
    11. et al.

    2006 Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis. Nature 440 1199–1203.
19. ↵
    1. Hijazi RA &
    2. Cunningham GR

    2005 Andropause: is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male? Annual Review of Medicine 56 117–137.
20. ↵
    1. Hofmann MC,
    2. Braydich-Stolle L &
    3. Dym M

    2005 Isolation of male germ-line stem cells; influence of GDNF. Developmental Biology 279 114–124.
21. ↵
    1. Holdcraft RW &
    2. Braun RE

    2004 Androgen receptor function is required in Sertoli cells for the terminal differentiation of haploid spermatids. Development 131 459–467.
22. ↵
    1. Ichihara M,
    2. Murakumo Y &
    3. Takahashi M

    2004 RET and neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Letters 204 197–211.
23. ↵
    1. Jain S,
    2. Naughton CK,
    3. Yang M,
    4. Strickland A,
    5. Vij K,
    6. Encinas M,
    7. Golden J,
    8. Gupta A,
    9. Heuckeroth R,
    10. Johnson EM Jr.
    11. et al.

    2004 Mice expressing a dominant-negative Ret mutation phenocopy human Hirschsprung disease and delineate a direct role of Ret in spermatogenesis. Development 131 5503–5513.
24. ↵
    1. Jijiwa M,
    2. Fukuda T,
    3. Kawai K,
    4. Nakamura A,
    5. Kurokawa K,
    6. Murakumo Y,
    7. Ichihara M &
    8. Takahashi M

    2004 A targeting mutation of tyrosine 1062 in Ret causes a marked decrease of enteric neurons and renal hypoplasia. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24 8026–8036.
25. ↵
    1. Johnston DS,
    2. Russell LD,
    3. Friel PJ &
    4. Griswold MD

    2001 Murine germ cells do not require functional androgen receptors to complete spermatogenesis following spermatogonial stem cell transplantation. Endocrinology 142 2405–2408.
26. ↵
    1. Kanatsu-Shinohara M,
    2. Inoue K,
    3. Lee J,
    4. Yoshimoto M,
    5. Ogonuki N,
    6. Miki H,
    7. Baba S,
    8. Kato T,
    9. Kazuki Y,
    10. Toyokuni S
    11. et al.

    2004 Generation of pluripotent stem cells from neonatal mouse testis. Cell 119 1001–1012.
27. ↵
    1. Kanatsu-Shinohara M,
    2. Miki H,
    3. Inoue K,
    4. Ogonuki N,
    5. Toyokuni S,
    6. Ogura A &
    7. Shinohara T

    2005 Long-term culture of mouse male germline stem cells under serum-or feeder-free conditions. Biology of Reproduction 72 985–991.
28. ↵
    1. Kanatsu-Shinohara M,
    2. Muneto T,
    3. Lee J,
    4. Takenaka M,
    5. Chuma S,
    6. Nakatsuji N,
    7. Horiuchi T &
    8. Shinohara T

    2008 Long-term culture of male germline stem cells from hamster testes. Biology of Reproduction 78 611–617.
29. ↵
    1. Korpelainen EI,
    2. Karkkainen MJ,
    3. Tenhunen A,
    4. Lakso M,
    5. Rauvala H,
    6. Vierula M,
    7. Parvinen M &
    8. Alitalo K

    1998 Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF. Journal of Cell Biology 143 1705–1712.
30. ↵
    1. Kubota H &
    2. Brinster RL

    2006 Technology insight: in vitro culture of spermatogonial stem cells and their potential therapeutic uses. Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism 2 99–108.
31. ↵
    1. Kubota H,
    2. Avarbock MR &
    3. Brinster RL

    2003 Spermatogonial stem cells share some, but not all, phenotypic and functional characteristics with other stem cells. PNAS 100 6487–6492.
32. ↵
    1. Kubota H,
    2. Avarbock MR &
    3. Brinster RL

    2004 Growth factors essential for self-renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. PNAS 101 16489–16494.
33. ↵
    1. Lacombe A,
    2. Lelievre V,
    3. Roselli CE,
    4. Salameh W,
    5. Lue YH,
    6. Lawson G,
    7. Muller JM,
    8. Waschek JA &
    9. Vilain E

    2006 Delayed testicular aging in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) null mice. PNAS 103 3793–3798.
34. ↵
    1. Lee J,
    2. Kanatsu-Shinohara M,
    3. Inoue K,
    4. Ogonuki N,
    5. Miki H,
    6. Toyokuni S,
    7. Kimura T,
    8. Nakano T,
    9. Ogura A &
    10. Shinohara T

    2007 Akt mediates self-renewal division of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Development 134 1853–1859.
35. ↵
    McLean DJ 2008 Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation, testicular function, and restoration of male fertility in mice. In Germline Stem cells, vol 450, pp 149–162. Eds SX Hou & SR Singh. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press..
36. ↵
    1. McLean DJ,
    2. Russell LD &
    3. Griswold MD

    2002 Biological activity and enrichment of spermatogonial stem cells in vitamin A-deficient and hyperthermia-exposed testes from mice based on colonization following germ cell transplantation. Biology of Reproduction 66 1374–1379.
37. ↵
    1. McLean DJ,
    2. Friel PJ,
    3. Johnston DS &
    4. Griswold MD

    2003 Characterization of spermatogonial stem cell maturation and differentiation in neonatal mice. Biology of Reproduction 69 2085–2091.
38. ↵
    Meistrich ML & van Beek MEAB 1993 Spermatogonial stem cells: assessing their survival and ability to produce differentiated cells. In Methods in Toxicology, vol 3A, pp 106–123. Eds J Heindel & RE Chapin. New York, NY: Academic Press..
39. ↵
    1. Meistrich ML &
    2. Shetty G

    2003 Inhibition of spermatogonial differentiation by testosterone. Journal of Andrology 24 135–148.
40. ↵
    1. Meng X,
    2. Lindahl M,
    3. Hyvonen ME,
    4. Parvinen M,
    5. de Rooij DG,
    6. Hess MW,
    7. Raatikainen-Ahokas A,
    8. Sainio K,
    9. Rauvala H,
    10. Lakso M
    11. et al.

    2000 Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF. Science 287 1489–1493.
41. ↵
    1. Meng X,
    2. de Rooij DG,
    3. Westerdahl K,
    4. Saarma M &
    5. Sariola H

    2001 Promotion of seminomatous tumors by targeted overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in mouse testis. Cancer Research 61 3267–3271.
42. ↵
    1. Morales C &
    2. Griswold MD

    1987 Retinol-induced stage synchronization in seminiferous tubules of the rat. Endocrinology 121 432–434.
43. ↵
    1. Mori C,
    2. Nakamura N,
    3. Dix DJ,
    4. Fujioka M,
    5. Nakagawa S,
    6. Shiota K &
    7. Eddy EM

    1997 Morphological analysis of germ cell apoptosis during postnatal testis development in normal and Hsp 70-2 knockout mice. Developmental Dynamics 208 125–136.
44. ↵
    1. Nagano MC

    2003 Homing efficiency and proliferation kinetics of male germ line stem cells following transplantation in mice. Biology of Reproduction 69 701–707.
45. ↵
    1. Nakagawa T,
    2. Nabeshima Y &
    3. Yoshida S

    2007 Functional identification of the actual and potential stem cell compartments in mouse spermatogenesis. Developmental Cell 12 195–206.
46. ↵
    1. Nalbandian A,
    2. Dettin L,
    3. Dym M &
    4. Ravindranath N

    2003 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors during male germ cell differentiation in the mouse. Biology of Reproduction 69 985–994.
47. ↵
    1. Naughton CK,
    2. Jain S,
    3. Strickland AM,
    4. Gupta A &
    5. Milbrandt J

    2006 Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor-mediated RET signaling regulates spermatogonial stem cell fate. Biology of Reproduction 74 314–321.
48. ↵
    1. Oakberg EF

    1956 Duration of spermatogenesis in the mouse and timing of stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. American Journal of Anatomy 99 507–516.
49. ↵
    1. Oatley JM &
    2. Brinster RL

    2008 Regulation of spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal in mammals. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 24 263–286.
50. ↵
    1. Oatley JM,
    2. Reeves JJ &
    3. McLean DJ

    2004 Biological activity of cryopreserved bovine spermatogonial stem cells during in vitro culture. Biology of Reproduction 71 942–947.
51. ↵
    1. Oatley JM,
    2. Avarbock MR,
    3. Telaranta AI,
    4. Fearon DT &
    5. Brinster RL

    2006 Identifying genes important for spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and survival. PNAS 103 9524–9529.
52. ↵
    1. Oatley JM,
    2. Avarbock MR &
    3. Brinster RL

    2007 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor regulation of genes essential for self-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells is dependent on Src family kinase signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 25842–25851.
53. ↵
    1. Ohbo K,
    2. Yoshida S,
    3. Ohmura M,
    4. Ohneda O,
    5. Ogawa T,
    6. Tsuchiya H,
    7. Kuwana T,
    8. Kehler J,
    9. Abe K,
    10. Scholer HR
    11. et al.

    2003 Identification and characterization of stem cells in prepubertal spermatogenesis in mice small star, filled. Developmental Biology 258 209–225.
54. ↵
    1. Ortega S,
    2. Ittmann M,
    3. Tsang SH,
    4. Ehrlich M &
    5. Basilico C

    1998 Neuronal defects and delayed wound healing in mice lacking fibroblast growth factor 2. PNAS 95 5672–5677.
55. ↵
    1. Orwig KE &
    2. Schlatt S

    2005 Cryopreservation and transplantation of spermatogonia and testicular tissue for preservation of male fertility. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs 2005 51–56.
56. ↵
    1. Paratcha G &
    2. Ledda F

    2008 GDNF and GFRalpha: a versatile molecular complex for developing neurons. Trends in Neurosciences 31 384–391.
57. ↵
    1. Paratcha G,
    2. Ledda F &
    3. Ibanez CF

    2003 The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is an alternative signaling receptor for GDNF family ligands. Cell 113 867–879.
58. ↵
    1. van Pelt AM &
    2. de Rooij DG

    1990 Synchronization of the seminiferous epithelium after vitamin A replacement in vitamin A-deficient mice. Biology of Reproduction 43 363–367.
59. ↵
    1. Pesce M,
    2. Wang X,
    3. Wolgemuth DJ &
    4. Scholer H

    1998 Differential expression of the Oct-4 transcription factor during mouse germ cell differentiation. Mechanisms of Development 71 89–98.
60. ↵
    1. Rodriguez I,
    2. Ody C,
    3. Araki K,
    4. Garcia I &
    5. Vassalli P

    1997 An early and massive wave of germinal cell apoptosis is required for the development of functional spermatogenesis. EMBO Journal 16 2262–2270.
61. ↵
    1. de Rooij DG &
    2. Grootegoed JA

    1998 Spermatogonial stem cells. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 10 694–701.
62. ↵
    1. de Rooij DG &
    2. Russell LD

    2000 All you wanted to know about spermatogonia but were afraid to ask. Journal of Andrology 21 776–798.
63. ↵
    1. Rudolfsson SH,
    2. Wikstrom P,
    3. Jonsson A,
    4. Collin O &
    5. Bergh A

    2004 Hormonal regulation and functional role of vascular endothelial growth factor a in the rat testis. Biology of Reproduction 70 340–347.
64. ↵
    1. Russell LD,
    2. Chiarini-Garcia H,
    3. Korsmeyer SJ &
    4. Knudson CM

    2002 Bax-dependent spermatogonia apoptosis is required for testicular development and spermatogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 66 950–958.
65. ↵
    1. Ryu BY,
    2. Kubota H,
    3. Avarbock MR &
    4. Brinster RL

    2005 Conservation of spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal signaling between mouse and rat. PNAS 102 14302–14307.
66. ↵
    1. Ryu BY,
    2. Orwig KE,
    3. Oatley JM,
    4. Avarbock MR &
    5. Brinster RL

    2006 Effects of aging and niche microenvironment on spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cells 24 1505–1511.
67. ↵
    1. Sada A,
    2. Suzuki A,
    3. Suzuki H &
    4. Saga Y

    2009 The RNA-binding protein NANOS2 is required to maintain murine spermatogonial stem cells. Science 325 1394–1398.
68. ↵
    1. Sadate-Ngatchou PI,
    2. Pouchnik DJ &
    3. Griswold MD

    2004 Identification of testosterone-regulated genes in testes of hypogonadal mice using oligonucleotide microarray. Molecular Endocrinology 18 422–433.
69. ↵
    1. Santoro M,
    2. Melillo RM,
    3. Carlomagno F,
    4. Vecchio G &
    5. Fusco A

    2004 Minireview: RET: normal and abnormal functions. Endocrinology 145 5448–5451.
70. ↵
    1. Sariola H &
    2. Saarma M

    2003 Novel functions and signalling pathways for GDNF. Journal of Cell Science 116 3855–3862.
71. ↵
    1. Schlesser HN,
    2. Simon L,
    3. Hofmann MC,
    4. Murphy KM,
    5. Murphy T,
    6. Hess RA &
    7. Cooke PS

    2008 Effects of ETV5 (ets variant gene 5) on testis and body growth, time course of spermatogonial stem cell loss, and fertility in mice. Biology of Reproduction 78 483–489.
72. ↵
    1. Schmidt JA,
    2. de Avila JM &
    3. McLean DJ

    2006 Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and testis tissue culture on spermatogenesis in bovine ectopic testis tissue xenografts. Biology of Reproduction 75 167–175.
73. ↵
    1. Seandel M,
    2. James D,
    3. Shmelkov SV,
    4. Falciatori I,
    5. Kim J,
    6. Chavala S,
    7. Scherr DS,
    8. Zhang F,
    9. Torres R,
    10. Gale NW
    11. et al.

    2007 Generation of functional multipotent adult stem cells from GPR125+ germline progenitors. Nature 449 346–350.
74. ↵
    Sharpe R 1994 Regulation of spermatogenesis. In The Physiology of Reproduction, vol 2, pp 1363–1434. Eds E Knobil & JD Neill. New York, NY: Raven..
75. ↵
    1. Shetty G,
    2. Weng CC,
    3. Meachem SJ,
    4. Bolden-Tiller OU,
    5. Zhang Z,
    6. Pakarinen P,
    7. Huhtaniemi I &
    8. Meistrich ML

    2006a Both testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone independently inhibit spermatogonial differentiation in irradiated rats. Endocrinology 147 472–482.
76. ↵
    1. Shetty G,
    2. Weng CC,
    3. Porter KL,
    4. Zhang Z,
    5. Pakarinen P,
    6. Kumar TR &
    7. Meistrich ML

    2006b Spermatogonial differentiation in juvenile spermatogonial depletion (jsd) mice with androgen receptor or follicle-stimulating hormone mutations. Endocrinology 147 3563–3570.
77. ↵
    1. Shinohara T,
    2. Orwig KE,
    3. Avarbock MR &
    4. Brinster RL

    2000 Spermatogonial stem cell enrichment by multiparameter selection of mouse testis cells. PNAS 97 8346–8351.
78. ↵
    1. Shinohara T,
    2. Orwig KE,
    3. Avarbock MR &
    4. Brinster RL

    2001 Remodeling of the postnatal mouse testis is accompanied by dramatic changes in stem cell number and niche accessibility. PNAS 98 6186–6191.
79. ↵
    1. Simon L,
    2. Ekman GC,
    3. Tyagi G,
    4. Hess RA,
    5. Murphy KM &
    6. Cooke PS

    2007 Common and distinct factors regulate expression of mRNA for ETV5 and GDNF. Sertoli cell proteins essential for spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. Experimental Cell Research 313 3090–3099.
80. ↵
    1. Simon L,
    2. Ekman GC,
    3. Kostereva N,
    4. Zhang Z,
    5. Hess RA,
    6. Hofmann MC &
    7. Cooke PS

    2009 Direct transdifferentiation of stem/progenitor spermatogonia into reproductive and nonreproductive tissues of all germ layers. Stem Cells 27 1666–1675.
81. ↵
    1. Sjostrand D,
    2. Carlsson J,
    3. Paratcha G,
    4. Persson B &
    5. Ibanez CF

    2007 Disruption of the GDNF binding site in NCAM dissociates ligand binding and homophilic cell adhesion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 12734–12740.
82. ↵
    1. Spradling A,
    2. Drummond-Barbosa D &
    3. Kai T

    2001 Stem cells find their niche. Nature 414 98–104.
83. ↵
    1. Tadokoro Y,
    2. Yomogida K,
    3. Ohta H,
    4. Tohda A &
    5. Nishimune Y

    2002 Homeostatic regulation of germinal stem cell proliferation by the GDNF/FSH pathway. Mechanisms of Development 113 29–39.
84. ↵
    1. Tegelenbosch RA &
    2. de Rooij DG

    1993 A quantitative study of spermatogonial multiplication and stem cell renewal in the C3H/101 F1 hybrid mouse. Mutation Research 290 193–200.
85. ↵
    1. Tsai MY,
    2. Yeh SD,
    3. Wang RS,
    4. Yeh S,
    5. Zhang C,
    6. Lin HY,
    7. Tzeng CR &
    8. Chang C

    2006 Differential effects of spermatogenesis and fertility in mice lacking androgen receptor in individual testis cells. PNAS 103 18975–18980.
86. ↵
    1. Tufro A,
    2. Teichman J,
    3. Banu N &
    4. Villegas G

    2007 Crosstalk between VEGF-A/VEGFR2 and GDNF/RET signaling pathways. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 358 410–416.
87. ↵
    1. Vornberger W,
    2. Prins G,
    3. Musto NA &
    4. Suarez-Quian CA

    1994 Androgen receptor distribution in rat testis: new implications for androgen regulation of spermatogenesis. Endocrinology 134 2307–2316.
88. ↵
    1. Walker WH &
    2. Cheng J

    2005 FSH and testosterone signaling in Sertoli cells. Reproduction 130 15–28.
89. ↵
    1. Yan X &
    2. Owens DM

    2008 The skin: a home to multiple classes of epithelial progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reviews 4 113–118.
90. ↵
    1. Yan W,
    2. Hirvonen-Santti SJ,
    3. Palvimo JJ,
    4. Toppari J &
    5. Janne OA

    2002 Expression of the nuclear RING finger protein SNURF/RNF4 during rat testis development suggests a role in spermatid maturation. Mechanisms of Development 118 247–253.
91. ↵
    1. Yoshida S,
    2. Takakura A,
    3. Ohbo K,
    4. Abe K,
    5. Wakabayashi J,
    6. Yamamoto M,
    7. Suda T &
    8. Nabeshima Y

    2004 Neurogenin3 delineates the earliest stages of spermatogenesis in the mouse testis. Developmental Biology 269 447–458.
92. ↵
    1. Yoshida S,
    2. Sukeno M,
    3. Nakagawa T,
    4. Ohbo K,
    5. Nagamatsu G,
    6. Suda T &
    7. Nabeshima Y

    2006 The first round of mouse spermatogenesis is a distinctive program that lacks the self-renewing spermatogonia stage. Development 133 1495–1505.
93. ↵
    1. Yoshida S,
    2. Sukeno M &
    3. Nabeshima Y

    2007 A vasculature-associated niche for undifferentiated spermatogonia in the mouse testis. Science 317 1722–1726.
94. ↵
    1. Yu Z,
    2. Guo R,
    3. Ge Y,
    4. Ma J,
    5. Guan J,
    6. Li S,
    7. Sun X,
    8. Xue S &
    9. Han D

    2003 Gene expression profiles in different stages of mouse spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis. Biology of Reproduction 69 37–47.
95. ↵
    1. Zhang C,
    2. Yeh S,
    3. Chen YT,
    4. Wu CC,
    5. Chuang KH,
    6. Lin HY,
    7. Wang RS,
    8. Chang YJ,
    9. Mendis-Handagama C,
    10. Hu L
    11. et al.

    2006 Oligozoospermia with normal fertility in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in testis peritubular myoid cells. PNAS 103 17718–17723.
96. ↵
    1. Zhang Z,
    2. Shao S &
    3. Meistrich ML

    2007 The radiation-induced block in spermatogonial differentiation is due to damage to the somatic environment, not the germ cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 211 149–158.
97. 1. Zhou Q,
    2. Nie R,
    3. Prins GS,
    4. Saunders PT,
    5. Katzenellenbogen BS &
    6. Hess RA

    2002 Localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in adult male mouse reproductive tract. Journal of Andrology 23 870–881.
98. ↵
    1. Zon LI

    2008 Intrinsic and extrinsic control of haematopoietic stem-cell self-renewal. Nature 453 306–313.