(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds. If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.
Figure 1
Schema showing the general changes that occur in serum thyroid-related hormones following illness of varying severity. The
yellow area represents the reference range. The changes for free T4 and free T3 represent those found using either ultrafiltration or equilibrium dialysis of serum with low sample dilution. Publications
that use methods for free hormone measurement that are unreliable in situations of low serum hormone binding capacity tend
to follow the same profile as for total T3 and total T4 (see text for full explanation).
2001Distinct tissue-specific roles for thyroid hormone receptors beta and alpha1 in regulation of type 1 deiodinase expression. Molecular Endocrinology 15467–475.
2000Distinct subcellular localization of transiently expressed types 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinases as determined by immunofluorescence
confocal microscopy. Endocrinology 1414309–4312.
1993Relationship between nocturnal serum thyrotropin peak and metabolic control in diabetic patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76983–987.
1991The clinical utility of a non-isotopic two-step assay (DELFIA) and an analogue radioimmunoassay (SimulTRAC) for free thyroxine
compared. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 28335–344.
2003Sick euthyroid syndrome is associated with decreased TR expression and DNA binding in mouse liver. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 284E228–E236.
1993Association between serum interleukin-6 and serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in nonthyroidal illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 771695–1699.
1995Soluble cytokine receptors and the low 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine syndrome in patients with nonthyroidal disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80971–976.
1996Relationship between serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and serum interleukin-8, interleukin-10 or interferon gamma in patients
with nonthyroidal illness. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 19480–483.
2004bSimultaneous changes in central and peripheral components of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in lipopolysaccharide-induced
acute illness in mice. Journal of Endocrinology 182315–323.
2004cInterleukin-18, a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes to the pathogenesis of non-thyroidal illness mainly via the central
part of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. European Journal of Endocrinology 151497–502.
2006Chronic local inflammation in mice results in decreased TRH and type 3 deiodinase mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular
nucleus independently of diminished food intake. Journal of Endocrinology 191707–714.
1986Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 631–8.
2006Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence,
should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Critical Care Clinics 2257–86(vi).
1996Serum free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) in non-thyroidal somatic illness, as measured by ultrafiltration and immunoextraction. Clinica Chimica Acta 256115–123.
2004Altered expression of nuclear hormone receptors and coactivators in mouse heart during the acute-phase response. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 286E201–E207.
2007Negative feedback regulation of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesizing neurons: role of neuronal
afferents and type 2 deiodinase. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 2897–114.
2004Lipopolysaccharide induces type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus: implications for the nonthyroidal
illness syndrome. Endocrinology 1451649–1655.
2005Ascending brainstem pathways are not involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene
expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology 1461357–1363.
1997Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 824032–4036.
2006Thyroid hormone transport by the human monocarboxylate transporter 8 and its rate-limiting role in intracellular metabolism. Molecular Endocrinology 202761–2772.
2009Selenium and thyroid hormone axis in critical ill states: an overview of conflicting view points. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2371–74.
1975Propylthiouracil blocks extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine and augments thyrotropin secretion in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55224–229.
2008aActivation and inactivation of thyroid hormone by deiodinases: local action with general consequences. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 65570–590.
1986Relationship between thyrotropin and thyroxine changes during recovery from severe hypothyroxinemia of critical illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 62717–722.
2009Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in skeletal muscle: effects of hypothyroidism and fasting. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 942144–2150.
1999Expression and regulation of type II iodothyronine deiodinase in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 843293–3300.
2002Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit the expression and function of human type I 5′-deiodinase in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. European Journal of Endocrinology 146559–566.
2000A characteristic serpin cleavage product of thyroxine-binding globulin appears in sepsis sera. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 853996–3999.
2008Lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta gene does not influence alterations in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during
acute illness. Journal of Endocrinology 197151–158.
2009Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in human skeletal muscle: new insights into its physiological role and regulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 941893–1895.
2004Feedback regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): mechanisms for the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 27105–119.
1989Alterations in 3,3′5′-triiodothyronine metabolism in response to propylthiouracil, dexamethasone, and thyroxine administration
in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 841650–1656.
2007The type II iodothyronine deiodinase is up-regulated in skeletal muscle during prolonged critical illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 923330–3333.
2009bChanges in the central component of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Critical Care 13R147.
2005Serum 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 904559–4565.
1990Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in humans by multicompartmental analysis. American Journal of Physiology 258E715–E726.
1983Slow thyroxine binding globulin in the pathogenesis of increased dialysable fraction of thyroxine in nonthyroidal illnesses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 5715–18.
2009Down-regulation of the hepatic selenoprotein biosynthesis machinery impairs selenium metabolism during the acute phase response
in mice. FASEB Journal 231758–1765.
2008Identification of molecular mechanisms related to nonthyroidal illness syndrome in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue from
patients with septic shock. Clinical Endocrinology 68821–827.
2009Abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in psychiatric long-term care patients. Archives of Gerontology and GeriatricsDOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.06.002.
2001Effect of LPS administration on the expression of POMC, NPY, galanin, CART and MCH mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 9093–100.
1988Clinical utility and cost–effectiveness of sensitive thyrotropin assays in ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 631214–1222.
1998Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with
growth hormone secretagogues. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83309–319.
1999Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing
hormone in patients with protracted critical illness. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 841311–1323.
2002The combined administration of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes
superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP-2 alone. Clinical Endocrinology 56655–669.
1988Rat transthyretin: effects of acute short-term food deprivation and refeeding on serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration
and on hepatic mRNA level. Journal of Nutrition 118199–205.
2000Regulation of hepatocyte thyroxine 5′-deiodinase by T3 and nuclear receptor coactivators as a model of the sick euthyroid syndrome. Journal of Biological Chemistry 27538296–38301.
2006aMetabolic instability of type 2 deiodinase is transferable to stable proteins independently of subcellular localization. Journal of Biological Chemistry 28131538–31543.