The neuroendocrine system of invertebrates: a developmental and evolutionary perspective
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- (Requests for offprints should be addressed to V Hartenstein; Email: volkerh{at}mcdb.ucla.edu)
Abstract
Neuroendocrine control mechanisms are observed in all animals that possess a nervous system. Recent analyses of neuroendocrine functions in invertebrate model systems reveal a great degree of similarity between phyla as far apart as nematodes, arthropods, and chordates. Developmental studies that emphasize the comparison between different animal groups will help to shed light on questions regarding the evolutionary origin and possible homologies between neuroendocrine systems. This review intends to provide a brief overview of invertebrate neuroendocrine systems and to discuss aspects of their development that appear to be conserved between insects and vertebrates.
- Received 16 May 2006
- Accepted 19 June 2006
- Made available online as an Accepted Preprint 24 July 2006
- Society for Endocrinology
