(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds. If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)
Click on image to view larger version.
Figure 3
The changes in gonadotropin subunit primary transcript (PT) concentrations following OVX. Pituitaries were collected from
intact rats or rats OVX for the indicated times. n=5–9/group. Each bar represents the mean±s.e. Bars with different letters are significantly (P < 0.05) different. Reproduced with permission from Burger et al. 2001.
AndoH, Hew CL & Urano A 2001 Signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotropin
subunit gene expression. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology129525–532.
AndrewsWV & Conn PM 1986 GnRH stimulates mass changes in phosphoinositides and diacylglycerol accumulation in purified gonadotrope cell cultures.
Endocrinology1181148–1153.
AttardiB & Fitzgerald T 1990 Effects of progesterone on the estradiol-induced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) surge and FSH beta messenger ribonucleic
acid in the rat. Endocrinology1262281–2287.
AttardiB & Winters SJ 1993 Decay of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta messenger RNA in the presence of transcriptional inhibitors and/or inhibin, activin,
or follistatin. Molecular Endocrinology7668–680.
AttardiB, Keeping HS, Winters SJ, Kotsuji F & Troen P 1991 Comparison of the effects of cycloheximide and inhibin on the gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids. Endocrinology128119–125.
BaileyJS, Rave-Harel N, McGillivray SM, Coss D & Mellon PL 2004 Activin regulation of the follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit gene involves Smads and the TALE homeodomain proteins Pbx1
and Prep1. Molecular Endocrinology181158–1170.
BarattaM, West LA, Turzillo AM & Nett TM 2001 Activin modulates differential effects of estradiol on synthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone in ovine pituitary
cells. Biology of Reproduction64714–719.
BedecarratsGY & Kaiser UB 2003 Differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene promoter activity by pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
in perifused LβT2 cells: role of GnRH receptor concentration. Endocrinology1441802–1811.
Ben MenahemD & Naor Z 1994 Regulation of gonadotropin mRNA levels in cultured rat pituitary cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): role for
Ca2+ and protein kinase C. Biochemistry333698–3704.
BernardDJ2004 Both SMAD2 and SMAD3 Mediate activin-stimulated expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone β subunit in mouse gonadotrope
cells. Molecular Endocrinology18606–623.
BilezikjianLM, Corrigan AZ, Blount AL, Chen Y & Vale WW 2001 Regulation and actions of Smad7 in the modulation of activin, inhibin, and transforming growth factor-beta signaling in anterior
pituitary cells. Endocrinology1421065–1072.
BohnsackBL, Szabo M, Kilen SM, Tam DH & Schwartz NB 2000 Follistatin suppresses steroid-enhanced follicle-stimulating hormone release in vitro in rats. Biology of Reproduction62636–641.
BurgerLL, Dalkin AC, Aylor KW, Workman LJ, Haisenleder DJ & Marshall JC 2001 Regulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription after ovariectomy in the rat: measurement of subunit primary transcripts
reveals differential roles of GnRH and inhibin. Endocrinology1423435–3442.
BurgerLL, Dalkin AC, Aylor KW, Haisenleder DJ & Marshall JC 2002 GnRH pulse frequency modulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription in normal gonadotropes – assessment by primary
transcript assay provides evidence for roles of GnRH and follistatin. Endocrinology1433243–3249.
BurgerLL, Haisenleder DJ, Aylor KW, Dalkin AC, Prendergast KA & Marshall JC 2004 Regulation of luteinizing hormone-β and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- β gene transcription by androgens: testosterone
directly stimulates FSH-β transcription independent from its role on follistatin gene expression. Endocrinology14571–78.
ChapmanSC & Woodruff TK 2003 Betaglycan localization in the female rat pituitary: implications for the regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone by inhibin.
Endocrinology1445640–5649.
ChapmanSC, Bernard DJ, Jelen J & Woodruff TK 2002 Properties of inhibin binding to betaglycan, InhBP/p120 and the activin type II receptors. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology19679–93.
ChenX, Rubock MJ & Whitman M 1996 A transcriptional partner for MAD proteins in TGF-β signaling. Nature383691–696.
ChenY, Bhushan A & Vale W 1997 Smad 8 mediates the signaling of the receptor serine kinase. PNAS9412938–12943.
ChongH, Pangas SA, Bernard DJ, Wang E, Gitch J, Chen W, Draper LB, Cox ET & Woodruff TK 2000 Structure and expression of a membrane component of the inhibin receptor system. Endocrinology1412600–2607.
ClarkeIJ & Cummins JT 1982 The temporal relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized
ewes. Endocrinology1111737–1739.
ClarkeIJ, Rao A, Fallest PC & Shupnik MA 1993 Transcription rate of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit gene is reduced by inhibin in sheep but this does
not fully explain the decrease in mRNA. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology91211–216.
ClayCM, Keri RA, Finicle AB, Heckert LL, Hamernik DL, Marschke KM, Wilson EM, French FS & Nilson JH 1993 Transcriptional repression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit gene by androgen may involve direct binding of androgen
receptor to the proximal promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry26813556–13564.
ColinIM, Bauer-Dantoin AC, Sundaresan S, Kopp P & Jameson JL 1996 Sexually dimorphic transcriptional responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone require chronic in vivo exposure to estradiol. Endocrinology1372300–2307.
CuiZJ, Gorelick FS & Dannies PS 1994 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II activation in rat pituitary cells in the presence of thyrotropin-releasing
hormone and dopamine. Endocrinology1342245–2250.
CuiZJ, Hidaka H & Dannies PS 1996 KN-62, a calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor, inhibits high potassium-stimulated prolactin secretion
and intracellular calcium increases in anterior pituitary cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1310343–347.
CurtinD, Jenkins S, Farmer N, Anderson AC, Haisenleder DJ, Rissman E, Wilson EM & Shupnik MA 2001 Androgen suppression of GnRH-stimulated rat LHbeta gene transcription occurs through Sp1 sites in the distal GnRH-responsive
promoter region. Molecular Endocrinology151906–1917.
DalkinAC, Paul SJ, Haisenleder DJ, Ortolano GA, Yasin M & Marshall JC 1992 Gonadal steroids effect similar regulation of gonadotrophin subunit mRNA expression in both male and female rats. Journal of Endocrinology13239–45.
DalkinAC, Haisenleder DJ, Yasin M, Gilrain JT & Marshall JC 1996 Pituitary activin receptor subtypes and follistatin gene expression in female rats: differential regulation by activin and
follistatin. Endocrinology137548–554.
DalkinAC, Haisenleder DJ, Gilrain JT, Aylor K, Yasin M & Marshall JC 1998 Regulation of pituitary follistatin and inhibin/activin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in male and female rats:
evidence for inhibin regulation of follistatin mRNA in females. Endocrinology1392818–2823.
DelegeaneAM, Ferland LH & Mellon PL 1987 Tissue specific enhancer of human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene: dependence on cAMP-inducible elements. Molecular and Cellular Biology73994–4002.
Di GregorioGB & Nett TM 1995 Estradiol and progesterone influence the synthesis of gonadotropins in the absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the
ewe. Biology of Reproduction53166–172.
DolmetschRE, Lewis RS, Goodnow CC & Healy JI 1997 Differential activation of transcriptional factors induced by calcium response amplitude and duration. Nature386855–858.
DuanWR, Shin JL & Jameson JL 1999 Estradiol suppresses phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the pituitary: evidence for indirect
action via GnRH. Molecular Endocrinology131338–1352.
DupontJ, McNeilly J, Vaiman A, Canepa S, Combarnous Y & Taragnat C 2003 Activin signaling pathways in ovine pituitary and LβT2 gonadotrope cells. Biology of Reproduction681877–1887.
EllsworthBS, White BR, Burns AT, Cherrington BD, Otis AM & Clay CM 2003 c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation of activator protein-1 underlies homologous regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone
receptor gene in alpha T3–1 cells. Endocrinology144839–849.
EschFS, Shimasaki S, Mercado M, Cooksey K, Ling N, Ying S, Ueno N & Guillemin R 1987 Structural characterization of follistatin: a novel follicle-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting polypeptide from the
gonad. Molecular Endocrinology1849–855.
FallestPC, Trader GL, Darrow JM & Shupnik MA 1995 Regulation of rat luteinizing hormone beta gene expression in transgenic mice by steroids and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone
antagonist. Biology of Reproduction53103–109.
FowkesRC, King P & Burrin JM 2002 Regulation of human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene transcription in LβT2 gonadotropes by protein kinase C and extracellular
signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Biology of Reproduction67725–734.
GarrelG, McArdle CA, Hemmings BA & Counis R 1997 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide affect levels of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-
monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) subunits in the clonal gonadotrope alphaT3–1 cells: evidence for cross-talk
between PKA and protein kinase C pathways. Endocrinology1382259–2266.
GharibSD, Wierman ME, Badger TM & Chin WW 1987 Sex steroid hormone regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone subunit messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in the rat.
Journal of Clinical Investigation80294–299.
GurrJA & Kourides IA 1989 Regulation of the transfected human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene by dexamethasone and thyroid hormone. DNA8473–480.
HahnSA, Schutte M, Hoque AT, Moskaluk CA, da Costa LT, Rozenblum E, Weinstein CL, Fischer A, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH & Kern SE 1996 DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1. Science271350–353.
HaisenlederDJ, Dalkin AC, Ortolano GA, Marshall JC & Shupnik MA 1991 A pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus is required to increase transcription of the gonadotropin subunit genes:
evidence for differential regulation of transcription by pulse frequency in vivo. Endocrinology128509–517.
HaisenlederDJ, Yasin M & Marshall JC 1993b The regulation of prolactin, thyrotropin and gonadotropin subunit gene expression by pulsatile or continuous calcium signals.
Endocrinology1332055–2061.
HaisenlederDJ, Yasin M & Marshall JC 1995 Regulation of gonadotropin, thyrotropin subunit and prolactin mRNAs by pulsatile or continuous PKC stimulation. Endocrinology13613–19.
HaisenlederDJ, Yasin M & Marshall JC 1997 Gonadotropin subunit and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression are regulated by alterations in the frequency
of calcium pulsatile signals. Endocrinology1385227–5230.
HaisenlederDJ, Cox ME, Parsons SJ & Marshall JC 1998 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses are required to maintain activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase: role in stimulation
of gonadotrope gene expression. Endocrinology1393104–3111.
HaisenlederDJ, Workman LJ, Burger LL, Aylor KW, Dalkin AC & Marshall JC 2001 Gonadotropin subunit transcriptional responses to calcium signals in the rat: evidence for regulation by pulse frequency.
Biology of Reproduction651789–1793.
HaisenlederDJ, Burger LL, Aylor KW, Dalkin AC & Marshall JC 2003a GnRH stimulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription: evidence for the involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase type II (Ca/CAMK II) activation in rat pituitaries. Endocrinology1442768–2774.
HaisenlederDJ, Ferris HA & Shupnik MA 2003b The calcium component of GnRH-stimulated LH subunit gene transcription is mediated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase type II (Ca/CAMK II). Endocrinology1442409–2416.
HalvorsonLM, Weiss J, Bauer-Dantoin AC & Jameson JL 1994 Dynamic regulation of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acids during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology1341247–1253.
HalvorsonLM, Kaiser UB & Chin WW 1999 The protein kinase C system acts through the early growth response protein 1 to increase LHbeta gene expression in synergy
with steroidogenic factor-1. Molecular Endocrinology13106–116.
HamernikDL, Keri RA, Clay CM, Clay JN, Sherman GB, Sawyer HR Jr, Nett TM & Nilson JH 1992 Gonadotrope- and thyrotrope-specific expression of the human and bovine glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit genes is regulated
by distinct cis-acting elements. Molecular Endocrinology61745–1755.
HanXB & Conn PM 1999 The role of PKA and PKC pathways in the regulation of MAPK activation in response to GnRH receptor activation. Endocrinology1402241–2251.
HeckertLL, Wilson EM & Nilson JH 1997 Transcriptional repression of the alpha-subunit gene by androgen receptor occurs independently of DNA binding but requires
the DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains of the receptor. Molecular Endocrinology111497–1506.
HollRW, Thorner MO, Mandell GL, Sullivan JA , Sinha YN & Leong DA 1988 Spontaneous oscillations of intracellular calcium and GH secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry2639682–9685.
HsiehKP & Martin TF 1992 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors activate phospholipase C by coupling to the guanosine
triphosphate-binding proteins Gq and G11. Molecular Endocrinology61673–1681.
HuangHJ, Sebastian J, Strahl BD, Wu JC & Miller WL 2001a The promoter for the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene (FSHbeta) confers FSHbeta-like expression on luciferase
in transgenic mice: regulatory studies in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology1422260–2266.
HuangHJ, Sebastian J, Strahl BD, Wu JC & Miller WL 2001b Transcriptional regulation of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene by activin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH): involvement of two proximal activator protein-1 sites for GnRH stimulation. Endocrinology1422267–2274.
JorgensenJS & Nilson JH 2001a AR suppresses transcription of the alpha glycoprotein hormone subunit gene through protein–protein interactions with cJun
and activation transcription factor 2. Molecular Endocrinology151496–1504.
JorgensenJS & Nilson JH 2001b AR suppresses transcription of the LHβ subunit by interacting with steroidogenic factor-1. Molecular Endocrinology151505–1516.
KaiserUB, Lee BL, Carroll RS, Unabia G, Chin WW & Childs GV 1992 Follistatin gene expression in the pituitary: localization in gonadotropes and folliculostellate cells in diestrous rats.
Endocrinology1303048–3056.
KaiserUB & Chin WW 1993 Regulation of follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the rat pituitary. Journal of Clinical Investigation912523–2531.
KaiserUB, Jakubowiak A, Steinberger A & Chin WW 1997b Differential effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor messenger
ribonucleic acid levels in vitro. Endocrinology1381224–1231.
KaiserUB, Halvorson LM & Chen MT 2000 Sp1, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), and early growth response protein 1 (egr-1) binding sites form a tripartite gonadotropin-releasing
hormone response element in the rat luteinizing hormone-beta gene promoter: an integral role for SF-1. Molecular Endocrinology141235–1245.
KatoY, Tomizawa K & Kato T 1999 Multiple binding sites for nuclear proteins of the anterior pituitary located in the 5′-flanking region of the porcine FSH
beta subunit gene. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology15869–78.
KawabataM, Imamura T, Inoue H, Hanai J, Nishihara A, Hanyu A, Takase M, Ishidou Y, Udagawa Y, Oeda E, Goto D, Yagi K, Kato M & Miyazono
K 1999 Intracellular signaling of the TGF-beta superfamily by Smad proteins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences88673–82.
KawakamiS & Winters SJ 1999 Regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion and subunit messenger ribonucleic acid expression by gonadal steroids in perifused
pituitary cells from male monkeys and rats. Endocrinology1403587–3593.
KawakamiS, Fujii Y, Okada Y & Winters SJ 2002 Paracrine regulation of FSH by follistatin in folliculostellate cell-enriched primate pituitary cell cultures. Endocrinology1432250–2258.
KeriRA, Andersen B, Kennedy GC, Hamernik DL, Clay CM, Brace AD, Nett TM, Notides AC & Nilson JH 1991 Estradiol inhibits transcription of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene despite the absence of a high affinity
binding site for estrogen receptor. Molecular Endocrinology5725–733.
KeriRA, Wolfe MW, Saunders TL, Anderson I, Kendall SK, Wagner T, Yeung J, Gorski J, Nett TM, Camper SA & Nilson JH 1994 The proximal promoter of the bovine luteinizing hormone beta-subunit gene confers gonadotrope-specific expression and regulation
by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, testosterone, and 17 β-estradiol in transgenic mice. Molecular Endocrinology81807–1816.
KirkSE, Dalkin AC, Yasin M, Haisenleder DJ & Marshall JC 1994 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency regulates expression of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid:
a mechanism for differential gonadotrope function. Endocrinology135876–880.
KogawaK, Ogawa K, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Titani K & Sugino H 1991b Immunohistochemical localization of follistatin in rat tissues. Endocrinologia Japonica38383–391.
KumarTR, Fairchild-Huntress V & Low MJ 1992 Gonadotrope-specific expression of the human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene in pituitaries of transgenic
mice. Molecular Endocrinology681–90.
LealAM, Blount AL, Donaldson CJ, Bilezikjian LM & Vale WW 2003 Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by the interactions of activin-A, dexamethasone and testosterone in
anterior pituitary cell cultures of male rats. Neuroendocrinology77298–304.
LeeS & Rivier C 1997 Effect of repeated activin-A treatment on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of the adult male rat.
Biology of Reproduction56969–975.
LeviNL, Hanoch T, Benard O, Rozenblat M, Harris D, Reiss N, Naor Z & Seger R 1998 Stimulation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pituitary alpha T3–1 cell line is mediated
by protein kinase C, c-Src, and CDC42. Molecular Endocrinology12815–824.
LevineJE & Ramirez VD 1982 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release during the rat estrous cycle and after ovariectomy, as estimated with push-pull
cannulae. Endocrinology1111439–1448.
LinX & Conn PM 1999 Transcriptional activation of GnRH receptor gene by GnRH: involvement of multiple signal transduction pathways. Endocrinology140358–364.
LingN, Ying SY, Ueno N, Shimasaki S, Esch F, Hotta M & Guillemin R 1986 A homodimer of the beta-subunits of inhibin A stimulates the secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications1381129–1137.
LiuF, Austin DA, Mellon PL, Olefsky JM & Webster NJ 2002a GnRH activates ERK1/2 leading to the induction of c-fos and LHbeta protein expression in LβT2 cells. Molecular Endocrinology16419–434.
LiuF, Usui I, Evans LG, Austin DA, Mellon PL, Olefsky JM & Webster NJ 2002b Involvement of Both Gq/11 and Gs Proteins in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-mediated signaling in LβT2 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistrys27732099–32108.
MacConellLA, Leal AM & Vale WW 2002 The distribution of betaglycan protein and mRNA in rat brain, pituitary, and gonads: implications for a role for betaglycan
in inhibin-mediated reproductive functions. Endocrinology1431066–1075.
MatherJP, Moore A & Li RH 1997 Activins, inhibins, and follistatins: further thoughts on a growing family of regulators. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine215209–222.
MatzukMM, Lu N, Vogel H, Sellheyer K, Roop DR & Bradley A 1995 Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin. Nature374360–363.
MaurerRA, Kim KE, Schoderbek WE, Roberson MS & Glenn DJ 1999 Regulation of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene expression. Recent Progress in Hormone Research54455–484.
McNeillyJR, Brown P, Mullins J, Clark AJ & McNeilly AS 1996 Characterization of the ovine LH beta-subunit gene: the promoter is regulated by GnRH and gonadal steroids in transgenic
mice. Journal of Endocrinology151481–489.
MercerJE, Clements JA, Funder JW & Clarke IJ 1989 Regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone beta and common alpha-subunit messenger ribonucleic acid by gonadotropin-releasing
hormone and estrogen in the sheep pituitary. Neuroendocrinology50321–326.
MeunierH, Rivier C, Evans RM & Vale W 1988 Gonadal and extragonadal expression of inhibin alpha, beta A, and beta B subunits in various tissues predicts diverse functions.
PNAS85247–251.
MillerCD & Miller WL 1996 Transcriptional repression of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene by 17 beta-estradiol. Endocrinology1373437–3446.
MillerSG & Kennedy MB 1986 Regulation of brain type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase by autophosphorylation: a Ca2+-triggered molecular switch. Cell44861–870.
MitchellR, Sim PJ, Leslie T, Johnson MS & Thomson FJ 1994 Activation of MAP kinase associated with the priming effect of LHRH. Journal of Endocrinology140R15–R18.
MulvaneyJM, Zang T, Fewtrell C & Roberson MS 1999 Calcium influx through L-type channels is required for selective activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by GnRH.
Journal of Biological Chemistry27429796–29804.
MunzB, Tretter YP, Hertel M, Engelhardt F, Alzheimer C & Werner S 2001 The roles of activins in repair processes of the skin and the brain. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology180169–177.
NorwitzER, Cardona GR, Jeong KH & Chin WW 1999 Identification and characterization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone response elements in the mouse gonadotropin-releasing
hormone receptor gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry274867–880.
NowakowskiBE, Okimura Y & Maurer RA 1997 Characterization of DNA regions mediating the ability of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II to stimulate prolactin promoter activity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology132109–116.
O’ConnerJL, Wade MF, Prendergast P, Edwards DP, Boonyaratanakornkit V & Mahesh VB 1997 A 361 base pair region of the rat FSH-beta promoter contains multiple progesterone receptor-binding sequences and confers
progesterone responsiveness. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology13667–78.
PapavasiliouSS, Zmeili S, Herbon L, Duncan-Weldon J, Marshall JC & Landefeld TD 1986 Alpha and luteinizing hormone beta messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) of male and female rats after castration: quantitation
using an optimized RNA dot blot hybridization assay. Endocrinology119691–698.
ParkD, Cheon M, Kim C, Kim K & Ryu K 1996 Progesterone together with estradiol promotes luteinizing hormone beta-subunit mRNA stability in rat pituitary cells cultured
in vitro. European Journal of Endocrinology134236–242.
PhillipsCL, Lin LW, Wu JC, Guzman K, Milsted A & Miller WL 1988 17 Beta-estradiol and progesterone inhibit transcription of the genes encoding the subunits of ovine follicle-stimulating
hormone. Molecular2641–649.
PhillipsDJ, Jones KL, Scheerlinck JY, Hedger MP & de Kretser DM 2001 Evidence for activin A and follistatin involvement in the systemic inflammatory response. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology180155–162.
PlendlJ2000 Angiogenesis and vascular regression in the ovary. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Veterinary Medicine SeriesC 29257–266.
PrendergastKA, Burger LL, Aylor KW, Haisenleder DJ, Dalkin AC & Marshall JC 2003 Pituitary follistatin gene expression in female rats: evidence that inhibin regulates transcription. Biology of Reproduction70364–370.
QuirkCC, Lozada KL, Keri RA & Nilson JH 2001 A single Pitx1 binding site is essential for activity of the LHβ promoter in transgenic mice. Molecular Endocrinology15734–746.
ReissN, Llevi LN, Shacham S, Harris D, Seger R & Naor Z 1997 Mechanism of MAPK activation by GnRH in the pituitary alpha T-3 cell line: differential roles of calcium and PKC. Endocrinology1381673–1682.
RigginsGJ, Thiagalingam S, Rozenblum E, Weinstein CL, Kern SE, Hamilton SR, Willson JK, Markowitz SD, Kinzler KW & Vogelstein B 1996 MAD-related genes in the human. Nature Genetics13347–349.
RingstromSJ, McAndrews JM, Rahal JO & Schwartz NB 1991 Cortisol in vivo increases FSH beta mRNA selectively in pituitaries of male rats. Endocrinology1292793–2795.
RingstromSJ, Szabo M, Kilen SM, Saberi S, Knox KL & Schwartz NB 1997 The antiprogestins RU486 and ZK98299 affect follicle-stimulating hormone secretion differentially on estrus, but not on proestrus.
Endocrinology1382286–2290.
RivierC, Schwall R, Mason A, Burton L & Vale W 1991 Effect of recombinant inhibin on gonadotropin secretion during proestrus and estrus in the rat. Endocrinology1282223–2228.
RobersonMS, Misra-Press A, Laurance ME, Stork PJS & Maurer RA 1995 A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating activation of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit promoter by GnRH.
Molecular and Cellular Biology153531–3539.
RobersonMS, Zhang T, Li HL & Mulvaney JM 1999 Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology1401310–1318.
RobertsV, Meunier H, Vaughan J, Rivier J, Rivier C, Vale W & Sawchenko P 1989 Production and regulation of inhibin subunits in pituitary gonadotropes. Endocrinology124552–554.
SaltonSRJ, Blum M, Jonassen JA, Clayton RN & Roberts JL 1988 Stimulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion by gonadotropin-releasing hormone is not coupled to β-luteinizing
hormone gene transcription. Molecular Endocrinology21033–1042.
SaundersBD, Sabbagh E, Chin WW & Kaiser UB 1998 Differential use of signal transduction pathways in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated regulation of gonadotropin
subunit gene expression. Endocrinology1391835–1843.
ShupnikMA1990 GnRH effects on rat gonadotropin gene transcription in vitro: requirement for pulsatile administration for LH-β gene stimulation. Molecular Endocrinology41444–1450.
ShupnikMA & Rosenzweig BA 1991 Identification of an estrogen-responsive element in the rat LH beta gene. DNA-estrogen receptor interactions and functional
analysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry26617084–17091.
ShupnikMA, Weinmann CM, Notides AC & Chin WW 1989b An upstream region of the rat luteinizing hormone beta gene binds estrogen receptor and confers estrogen responsiveness.
Journal of Biological Chemistry26480–86.
SimardJ, Labrie C, Hubert JF & Labrie F 1988 Modulation by sex steroids and [D-Trp6, Des-Gly-NH2(10)]luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone ethylamide of alpha-subunit
and LH beta messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Molecular Endocrinology2775–784.
StojilkovicSS & Catt KJ 1995a Novel aspects of GnRH-induced intracellular signaling and secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs. Journal of Neuroendocrinology7739–757.
StrahlBD, Huang HJ, Sebastian J, Ghosh BR & Miller WL 1998 Transcriptional activation of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone:
involvement of two activating protein-1-binding sites and protein kinase C. Endocrinology1394455–4465.
SuszkoMI, Lo DJ, Suh H, Camper SA & Woodruff TK 2003 Regulation of the rat follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit promoter by activin. Molecular Endocrinology17318–332.
TremblayJJ & Drouin J 1999 Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone
beta gene transcription. Molecular and Cellular Biology192567–2576.
TurgeonJL, Kimura Y, Waring DW & Mellon PL 1996 Steroid and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation of luteinizing hormone and GnRH receptor in a novel
gonadotrope cell line. Molecular Endocrinology10439–450.
ValeW, Rivier J, Vaughan J, McClintock R, Corrigan A, Woo W, Karr D & Spiess J 1986 Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Nature321776–779.
VasilyevVV, Pernasetti F, Rosenberg SB, Barsoum MJ, Austin DA, Webster NJG & Mellon PL 2002b Transcriptional activation of the ovine FSH beta gene by GnRH involves multiple signal transduction pathways. Endocrinology1431651–1659.
VillalobosC, Faught WJ & Frawley LS 1998 Dynamic changes in spontaneous intracellular free calcium oscillations and their relationship to prolactin gene expression
in single, primary mammotropes. Molecular Endocrinology1287–95.
WebsterJC, Pedersen NR, Edwards DP, Beck CA & Miller WL 1995 The 5′-flanking region of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene contains six progesterone response elements: three
proximal elements are sufficient to increase transcription in the presence of progesterone. Endocrinology1361049–1058.
WeckJ, Fallest PC, Pitt LK & Shupnik MA 1998 Differential gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of rat luteinizing hormone subunit gene transcription by calcium
influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling pathways. Molecular Endocrinology12451–457.
WeckJ, Anderson AC, Jenkins S, Fallest PC & Shupnik MA 2000 Divergent and composite gonadotropin-releasing hormone-responsive elements in the rat luteinizing hormone subunit genes.
Molecular Endocrinology14472–485.
WhiteBR, Duval DL, Mulvaney JM, Roberson MS & Clay CM 1999 Homologous regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene is partially mediated by protein kinase C activation
of an activator protein-1 element. Molecular Endocrinology13566–577.
WhitmarshAJ, Yang SH, Su MSS, Sharrocks AD & Davis RJ 1997 Role of p38 and JNK MAP kinases in the activation of ternary complex factors. Molecular and Cellular Biology172360–2371.
WiermanME & Wang C 1990 Androgen selectively stimulates follicle-stimulating hormone-beta mRNA levels after gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist
administration. Biology of Reproduction42563–571.
WiermanME, Gharib SD, Wang C, LaRovere JM, Badger TM & Chin WW 1990 Divergent regulation of gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels by androgens in the female rat. Biology of Reproduction43191–195.
WintersSJ, Ishizaka K, Kitahara S, Troen P & Attardi B 1992 Effects of testosterone on gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids in the presence or absence of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone. Endocrinology130726–734.
WintersSJ, Kawakami S, Sahu A & Plant TM 2001 Pituitary follistatin and activin gene expression, and the testicular regulation of FSH in the adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Endocrinology1422874–2878.
WoodruffTK, Besecke LM, Groome N, Draper LB, Schwartz NB & Weiss J 1996 Inhibin A and inhibin B are inversely correlated to follicle-stimulating hormone, yet are discordant during the follicular
phase of the rat estrous cycle, and inhibin A is expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner. Endocrinology1375463–5467.
WoodruffTK, Krummen LA, Lyon RJ, Stocks DL & Mather J 1993 Recombinant human inhibin A and recombinant human activin A regulate pituitary and ovarian function in the adult female rat.
Endocrinology1322332–2341.
WuFCW, Butler GE, Kelnar CJH & Sellar RE 1990 Patterns of pulsatile LH secretion before and during the onset of puberty in boys: a study using an immunoradiometric assay.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism70629–637.
YasinM, Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ & Marshall JC 1996 Testosterone is required for gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of luteinizing hormone-beta messenger ribonucleic
acid expression in female rats. Endocrinology1371265–1271.
YinglingJM, Datto MB, Wong C, Frederick JP, Liberati NT & Wang XF 1997 Tumor suppressor Smad4 is a transforming growth factor beta-inducible DNA binding protein. Molecular and Cellular Biology177019–7028.
YokoiT, Ohmichi M, Tasaka K, Kimura A, Kanda Y, Hayakawa J, Tahara M, Hisamoto K, Kurachi H & Murata Y 2000 Activation of the luteinizing hormone beta promoter by gonadotropin-releasing hormone requires c-Jun NH2-terminal protein
kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry27521639–21647.
ZhangY, Feng X, We R & Derynck R 1996 Receptor-associated MAD homologues synergize as effectors of the TGF-beta response. Nature383168–172.