Figure 1
ERK-mediated non-transcriptional/non-genomic AR signaling. (1) Left, cytoplasmic AR interacts with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Src family kinase and Ras GTPase, which in turn converge on MAPK/ERK pathway with subsequent ERK translocation into the nucleus and induction of genes involved in cell proliferation. (2) Right, membrane-bound AR or plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or sex hormone-binding globulin receptor (SHBGR) upregulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, modulating Ca2+ intracellular concentration activating protein kinase C (PKC), which converges on the MAPK/ERK pathway.
