Alfred O Mueck; Harald Seeger; Thomas Rabe

Table 1

Risk of endometrial cancer during oral contraception (relevant studies listed in chronological sequence)

					Risk influenced by
First author	Country	Cases	Controls	Age (years)	Investigated factors	OC-duration	RR (ever users)
Horwitz (1979)	USA	104	87	50		n.a.	0.94
Weiss (1980)	USA	110	249	35–54	b, d	n.a.	0.5
Kaufmann (1980)	USA	152	516	>60	c, d	Yes	0.5
Ramcharan (1981)	USA	58	16 638 (cohort)	>65		n.a	0.6
Kelsey (1982)	USA	37	342	45–74		Yes	0.6
Hulka (1982)	USA	79	203	n.a.	a	Yes	0.3–0.6
Henderson (1983)	USA	110	110	<45	b, c, d, f	Yes	0.75
Trapido (1983)	USA	98	97 300 (cohort)	<58		n.a.	1.4
LaVecchia (1986)	Italy	170	1282	<60		n.a.	0.56
Pettersson (1986)	Sweden	362	367	<60	c	n.a.	0.4
Ory (CASH) (1987)	USA	433	3191	25–54	a, b, c, d, f, g	Yes	0.6
Beral (1988)	UK		47 000 (cohort)	n.a.		n.a.	0.2
Koumantaki (1989)	Greece	83	164	40–79		Yes	0.65
Levi (1991)	Switzerland	122	309	≤75	a, c, e, f	Yes	0.5
Stanford (1993)	USA	405	297	n.a.	a, d, e, f	Yes	0.4
WHO Collaborative (1991a,b)	USA	220	1537	>65	b, c	n.a.	1.10^a
							0.15^b
							0.59^c
Weiderpass (1999)	Sweden	709	3368	50–74	a–g	Yes	0.5
Heinemann (2003)	Germany	485	1570	32–65	a–g	Yes	0.36
Maxwell (CASH) (2006)	USA	434	2557	25–54	b, e, f	Yes	0.21^d
							0.39^e
Vessey (Oxford–FPA) (2006)	UK	77	17 032 (cohort)	25–39 (recrution)	a, b, c	Yes	0.1
Hannaford (2007)	UK	156	47 173 (cohort)			Yes	0.58

n.a., no answer; a, duration; b, composition; c, persistence of protection; d, hormone therapy after OC; e, parity; f, weight; g, histology; n.a., not applicable; CASH, Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study.
↵a High dose estrogen/low dose progestin.
↵b High dose estrogen/high dose progestin.
↵c Low dose estrogen/low dose progestin.
↵d High potency progestin.
↵e Low potency progestin.

References

↵

Aikat M &
Chadda U

1980 Long-term effects of copper intrauterine devices on cervical epithelium and endometrium. Indian Journal of Medical Research 71 879–883.

↵

Beining RM,
Dennis LK,
Smith EM &
Dokras A

2008 Meta-analysis of intrauterine device use and risk of endometrial cancer. Annals of Epidemiology 18 492–499doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.11.011.

↵

Beral V,
Hannaford P &
Kay C

1988 Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract: results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 332 1331–1335doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90869-0.

↵

Brinton LA &
Hoover RN

1993 Estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: unresolved issues. Obstetrics and Gynecology 81 265–271.

↵

CASH (Cancer and Steroid Hormone)Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancerJournal of the American Medical Association 257 1987 796–800doi:10.1001/jama.257.6.796.

↵

Castellsague X,
Thompson WD &
Dubrow R

1993 Intra-uterine contraception and the risk of endometrial cancer. International Journal of Cancer 54 911–916doi:10.1002/ijc.2910540607.

↵

Chan SSC,
Tam WH,
Yeo W,
Yu MMY,
Ng DPS,
Wong AWY,
Kwan WH &
Yuen PM

2007 A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in tamoxifen-treated women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114 1510–1515doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01545.x.

↵

Dhar KK,
NeedhiRajan T,
Koslowski M &
Woolas RP

2005 Is levonorgestrel intrauterine system effective for treatment of early endometrial cancer? Report of four cases and review of the literature.. Gynecologic Oncology 97 924–927doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.031.

↵

Gardner FJE,
Konje JC,
Abrams KR,
Browns LJR,
Khanna S,
Al-Azzawi F,
Bell SC &
Taylor DJ

2000 Endometrial protection from tamoxifen-stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 356 1711–1717doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03204-9.

↵

Giannopoulos T,
Butler-Mauel S &
Tailor A

2004 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) as a therapy for endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology 95 762–764doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.09.010.

↵

Grimes DA &
Economy KE

1995 Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172 227–235doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90125-6.

↵

Haimovich S,
Checa MA,
Mancebo G,
Fuste P &
Carreras R

2008 Treatment of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in peri- and postmenopausal women with a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Menopause 15 1002–1007doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181659837.

↵

Hannaford PC,
Selvaraj S,
Elliott AM,
Angus V,
Iversen L &
Lee AJ

2007 Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's Oral Contraception Study. BMJ 335 651doi:10.1136/bmj.39289.649410.55.

↵

Heinemann LAJ,
Lewis MA,
Kühl-Habich D,
Braendle W,
Moehner S &
Raff T

2003 Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer of the uterine corpus or ovary. Two case–control studies. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 63 1018–1026doi:10.1055/s-2003-42732.

↵

Henderson BE,
Casagrande JT,
Pike MC,
Mack T,
Rosario I &
Duke A

1983 The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women. British Journal of Cancer 47 749–756.

↵

Horwitz RI &
Feinstein AR

1979 Case–control study of oral contraceptive pills and endometrial cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 91 226–227.

↵

Hubacher D &
Grimes DA

2002 Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 57 120–128doi:10.1097/00006254-200202000-00024.

↵

Hulka BS,
Chambless LE,
Kaufman DG,
Fowler WC Jr. &
Greenberg BG

1982 Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. Journal of the American Medical Association 247 475–477doi:10.1001/jama.247.4.475.

↵

Jick SS,
Waler AM &
Jick H

1993 Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology 82 931–935.

↵

Johannisson E

1987 Mechanism of action of intrauterine devices: biochemical changes. Contraception 36 11–22doi:10.1016/0010-7824(87)90058-8.

↵

Kaufman DW,
Shapiro S,
Slone D,
Rosenberg L,
Miettinen OS,
Stolley PD,
Knapp RC,
Leavitt T Jr.,
Watring WG,
Roseshein NB
et al.

1980 Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral contraceptive users. New England Journal of Medicine 303 1045–1047doi:10.1056/NEJM198010303031807.

↵

Kelsey JL,
LiVolsi VA,
Holford TR,
Fischer DB,
Mostow ED &
Schwartz PE

1982 A case–control study of cancer of the endometrium. American Journal of Epidemiology 116 333–342.

↵

Kesim MD,
Aydin Y,
Atis A &
Mandiraci G

2008 Long-term effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on serum lipids and the endometrium in breast-cancer patients taking tamoxifen. Climacteric 11 252–257doi:10.1080/13697130802163168.

↵

Koumantaki Y,
Tzonou A,
Koumantakis E,
Kaklamani E,
Aravantinos D &
Trichopoulos D

1989 A case–control study of cancer of the endometrium in Athens. International Journal of Cancer 43 795–799doi:10.1002/ijc.2910430509.

↵

Kresowik J,
Ryan GL &
Van Voorhis BJ

2008 Progression of atypical endometrial hyperplasia to adenocarcinoma despite intrauterine progesterone treatment with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Obstetrics and Gynecology 111 547–549doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000300716.84819.c6.

↵

LaVecchia C,
Decarli A,
Parazzini F,
Gentile A,
Liberati C &
Franceschi S

1986 Oral contraceptives and cancers of the breast and oft the female genital tract: interim results from a case–control study. British Journal of Cancer 54 311–317.

↵

Levi F,
La Vecchia C,
Gulie C,
Negri E,
Monnier V,
Franceschi S,
Delaloye JF &
De Grandi P

1991 Oral contraceptives and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Causes and Control 2 99–103doi:10.1007/BF00053128.

↵

Maxwell GL,
Schildkraut JM,
Calingaert B,
Risinger JI,
Dainty L,
Marchbanks PA,
Berchuck A,
Barrett JC &
Rodriguez GC

2006 Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk (CASH-study). Gynecologic Oncology 103 535–540doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.03.046.

↵

Nilsson CH,
Haukkamaa M,
Vierola H,
Luukainen T &
Arcangeli P

1982 Tissue concentrations of levonorgestrel in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Clinical Endocrinology 17 529–536doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01625.x.

↵

Oerbo A,
Arnes M,
Hancke C,
Vereide AB,
Pettersen I &
Larsen K

2008 Treatment results of endometrial hyperplasia after prospective D-score classification: a follow-up study comparing the effect of LNG-IUD and oral progestins versus observation only. Gynecologic Oncology 111 68–73doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.06.014.

↵

Parazzini F,
LaVecchia C &
Moroni S

1994 Intrauterine device use and risk of endometrial cancer. British Journal of Cancer 70 672–673.

↵

Pettersson B,
Adami HO,
Bergstrom R &
Johansson EDB

1986 Menstruation span – a time-limited risk factor for endometrial carcinoma. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 65 247–255doi:10.3109/00016348609155179.

↵

Phillips V,
Graham CT,
Manek S &
McCluggage WG

2003 The effects of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena coil) on endometrial morphology. Journal of Clinical Pathology 56 305–307doi:10.1136/jcp.56.4.305.

↵

Pike MC &
Spicer D

2000 Hormonal contraception and chemoprevention of female cancers. Endocrine-Related Cancer 7 73–83doi:10.1677/erc.0.0070073.

↵

Qi X,
Zhao W,
Duan Y &
Li Y

2008 Successful pregnancy following insertion of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in two patients with complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 65 266–268doi:10.1159/000113308.

↵

Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R & Hsu JP 1981 The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: a prospective study of the side effects of oral contraceptives. In Volume III. An interim report: a comparison of disease occurance leading to hospitalization or death in users and nonusers of oral contraceptives. Bethesda, MD, USA: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

↵

Raudaskoski T,
Knip M &
Laatikainen T

1998 Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 and its binding proteins 1 and 3 during coninuous non-oral and oral combined hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 5 217–222doi:10.1097/00042192-199805040-00006.

↵

Riphagen FE

2000 Intrauterine application of progestins in hormone replacement therapy: a review. Climacteric 3 199–211doi:10.1080/13697130008500114.

↵

Schlesselman JJ

1997 Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis. Human Reproduction 12 1851–1863doi:10.1093/humrep/12.9.1851.

↵

Shu XO,
Brinton LA,
Zheng W,
Gao YT,
Fan J &
Fraumeni JF

1991 A population-based case–control study of endometrial cancer in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer 49 38–43doi:10.1002/ijc.2910490108.

↵

Stanford JL,
Brinton LA,
Berman ML,
Mortel R,
Twiggs LB,
Barrett RJ,
Wilbanks GD &
Hoover RN

1993 Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer: do other risk factors modify the association? International Journal of Cancer 54 243–248doi:10.1002/ijc.2910540214.

↵

Sturgeon SR,
Brinton LA,
Berman MI,
Mortel R,
Twiggs LB,
Barrett RJ,
Wilbanks GD &
Lurain JR

1997 Intrauterine device use and endometrial cancer risk. International Journal of Epidemiology 26 496–500.

↵

Tao MH,
Xu WH,
Zheng W,
Zhang Z-F,
Gao Y-T,
Ruan ZX,
Cheng JR,
Gao J,
Xiang YB &
Shu XO

2006 Oral contraceptive and IUD use and endometrial cancer: a population-based case–control study in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer 119 2142–2147doi:10.1002/ijc.22081.

↵

Trapido EJ

1983 A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. International Journal of Epidemiology 12 297–300doi:10.1093/ije/12.3.297.

↵

Varila E,
Wahlstrom T &
Rauramo I

2001 A 5-year follow-up study on the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Fertility and Sterility 76 969–973doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02846-1.

↵

Varma R,
Soneja H,
Bhatia K,
Ganesan R,
Rollason T,
Clark TJ &
Gupta JK

2008 The effectiveness of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia – a long-term follow-up study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 139 169–175doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.022.

↵

Vereide AB,
Arnes M,
Straume B,
Maltau JM &
Oerbo A

2003 Nuclear morphometric changes and therapy monitoring in patients with endometrial hyperplasia: a study comparing effects of intrauterine levonorgestrel and systemic medroxyprogesterone. Gynecologic Oncology 91 526–533doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.07.002.

↵

Vereide AB,
Kaino T,
Sager G &
Oerbo A

2005 Bcl-2, BAX, and apoptosis in endometrial hyperplasia after high-dose gestagen therapy: a comparison of responses in patients treated with intrauterine levonorgestrel and systemic medroxyprogesterone. Gynecologic Oncology 97 740–750doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.02.030.

↵

Vereide AB,
Kaino T,
Sager G,
Arnes M &
Oerbo A

2006 Effect of levornorgestrel IUD and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate on glandular and stromal progesterone receptors and estrogen receptors in human endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecologic Oncology 101 214–223doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.10.030.

↵

Vessey M &
Painter R

2006 Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968–2004. British Journal of Cancer 95 385–389doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603260.

↵

Weiderpass E,
Adami H-O,
Baron JA,
Magnusson C,
Lindgren A &
Perrson I

1999 Use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes and Control 10 277–284doi:10.1023/A:1008945721786.

↵

Weiss NS &
Sayvetz TA

1980 Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives. New England Journal of Medicine 302 551–554doi:10.1056/NEJM198003063021004.

↵

WHO Study of Neoplasia and Sterord ContraceptivesEndometrial cancer and combined oral contraceptivesInternational Journal of Epidemiology 17 1988 263–269doi:10.1093/ije/17.2.263.

↵

WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid ContraceptivesHormonal content of combined oral contraceptives in relation to the reduced risk of endometrial carcinomaInternational Journal of Cancer 49 1991a 870–874doi:10.1002/ijc.2910490612.

↵

WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid ContraceptivesDepot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and risk of endometrial cancerInternational Journal of Cancer 49 1991b 186–190.

↵

Wildemeersch D,
Janssens D,
Pylyser K,
De Wever N,
Verbeeck G,
Dhont M &
Tjalma W

2007 Management of patients with non-atypical and atypical endometrial hyperplasia with a levonorgestrel-releasing system: long-term follow-up. Maturitas 57 210–213doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.12.004.

[1] ↵

Aikat M &

Chadda U

1980 Long-term effects of copper intrauterine devices on cervical epithelium and endometrium. Indian Journal of Medical Research 71 879–883.

[2] Aikat M &

[3] Chadda U

[4] ↵

Beining RM,

Dennis LK,

Smith EM &

Dokras A

2008 Meta-analysis of intrauterine device use and risk of endometrial cancer. Annals of Epidemiology 18 492–499doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.11.011.

[5] Beining RM,

[6] Dennis LK,

[7] Smith EM &

[8] Dokras A

[9] ↵

Beral V,

Hannaford P &

Kay C

1988 Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract: results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 332 1331–1335doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90869-0.

[10] Beral V,

[11] Hannaford P &

[12] Kay C

[13] ↵

Brinton LA &

Hoover RN

1993 Estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: unresolved issues. Obstetrics and Gynecology 81 265–271.

[14] Brinton LA &

[15] Hoover RN

[16] ↵

CASH (Cancer and Steroid Hormone)Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancerJournal of the American Medical Association 257 1987 796–800doi:10.1001/jama.257.6.796.

[17] ↵

Castellsague X,

Thompson WD &

Dubrow R

1993 Intra-uterine contraception and the risk of endometrial cancer. International Journal of Cancer 54 911–916doi:10.1002/ijc.2910540607.

[18] Castellsague X,

[19] Thompson WD &

[20] Dubrow R

[21] ↵

Chan SSC,

Tam WH,

Yeo W,

Yu MMY,

Ng DPS,

Wong AWY,

Kwan WH &

Yuen PM

2007 A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in tamoxifen-treated women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114 1510–1515doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01545.x.

[22] Chan SSC,

[23] Tam WH,

[24] Yeo W,

[25] Yu MMY,

[26] Ng DPS,

[27] Wong AWY,

[28] Kwan WH &

[29] Yuen PM

[30] ↵

Dhar KK,

NeedhiRajan T,

Koslowski M &

Woolas RP

2005 Is levonorgestrel intrauterine system effective for treatment of early endometrial cancer? Report of four cases and review of the literature.. Gynecologic Oncology 97 924–927doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.031.

[31] Dhar KK,

[32] NeedhiRajan T,

[33] Koslowski M &

[34] Woolas RP

[35] ↵

Gardner FJE,

Konje JC,

Abrams KR,

Browns LJR,

Khanna S,

Al-Azzawi F,

Bell SC &

Taylor DJ

2000 Endometrial protection from tamoxifen-stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 356 1711–1717doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03204-9.

[36] Gardner FJE,

[37] Konje JC,

[38] Abrams KR,

[39] Browns LJR,

[40] Khanna S,

[41] Al-Azzawi F,

[42] Bell SC &

[43] Taylor DJ

[44] ↵

Giannopoulos T,

Butler-Mauel S &

Tailor A

2004 Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) as a therapy for endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology 95 762–764doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.09.010.

[45] Giannopoulos T,

[46] Butler-Mauel S &

[47] Tailor A

[48] ↵

Grimes DA &

Economy KE

1995 Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172 227–235doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90125-6.

[49] Grimes DA &

[50] Economy KE

[51] ↵

Haimovich S,

Checa MA,

Mancebo G,

Fuste P &

Carreras R

2008 Treatment of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in peri- and postmenopausal women with a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Menopause 15 1002–1007doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181659837.

[52] Haimovich S,

[53] Checa MA,

[54] Mancebo G,

[55] Fuste P &

[56] Carreras R

[57] ↵

Hannaford PC,

Selvaraj S,

Elliott AM,

Angus V,

Iversen L &

Lee AJ

2007 Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's Oral Contraception Study. BMJ 335 651doi:10.1136/bmj.39289.649410.55.

[58] Hannaford PC,

[59] Selvaraj S,

[60] Elliott AM,

[61] Angus V,

[62] Iversen L &

[63] Lee AJ

[64] ↵

Heinemann LAJ,

Lewis MA,

Kühl-Habich D,

Braendle W,

Moehner S &

Raff T

2003 Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer of the uterine corpus or ovary. Two case–control studies. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 63 1018–1026doi:10.1055/s-2003-42732.

[65] Heinemann LAJ,

[66] Lewis MA,

[67] Kühl-Habich D,

[68] Braendle W,

[69] Moehner S &

[70] Raff T

[71] ↵

Henderson BE,

Casagrande JT,

Pike MC,

Mack T,

Rosario I &

Duke A

1983 The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women. British Journal of Cancer 47 749–756.

[72] Henderson BE,

[73] Casagrande JT,

[74] Pike MC,

[75] Mack T,

[76] Rosario I &

[77] Duke A

[78] ↵

Horwitz RI &

Feinstein AR

1979 Case–control study of oral contraceptive pills and endometrial cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 91 226–227.

[79] Horwitz RI &

[80] Feinstein AR

[81] ↵

Hubacher D &

Grimes DA

2002 Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 57 120–128doi:10.1097/00006254-200202000-00024.

[82] Hubacher D &

[83] Grimes DA

[84] ↵

Hulka BS,

Chambless LE,

Kaufman DG,

Fowler WC Jr. &

Greenberg BG

1982 Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. Journal of the American Medical Association 247 475–477doi:10.1001/jama.247.4.475.

[85] Hulka BS,

[86] Chambless LE,

[87] Kaufman DG,

[88] Fowler WC Jr. &

[89] Greenberg BG

[90] ↵

Jick SS,

Waler AM &

Jick H

1993 Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology 82 931–935.

[91] Jick SS,

[92] Waler AM &

[93] Jick H

[94] ↵

Johannisson E

1987 Mechanism of action of intrauterine devices: biochemical changes. Contraception 36 11–22doi:10.1016/0010-7824(87)90058-8.

[95] Johannisson E

[96] ↵

Kaufman DW,

Shapiro S,

Slone D,

Rosenberg L,

Miettinen OS,

Stolley PD,

Knapp RC,

Leavitt T Jr.,

Watring WG,

Roseshein NB

et al.

1980 Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral contraceptive users. New England Journal of Medicine 303 1045–1047doi:10.1056/NEJM198010303031807.

[97] Kaufman DW,

[98] Shapiro S,

[99] Slone D,

[100] Rosenberg L,

[101] Miettinen OS,

[102] Stolley PD,

[103] Knapp RC,

[104] Leavitt T Jr.,

[105] Watring WG,

[106] Roseshein NB

[107] et al.

[108] ↵

Kelsey JL,

LiVolsi VA,

Holford TR,

Fischer DB,

Mostow ED &

Schwartz PE

1982 A case–control study of cancer of the endometrium. American Journal of Epidemiology 116 333–342.

[109] Kelsey JL,

[110] LiVolsi VA,

[111] Holford TR,

[112] Fischer DB,

[113] Mostow ED &

[114] Schwartz PE

[115] ↵

Kesim MD,

Aydin Y,

Atis A &

Mandiraci G

2008 Long-term effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on serum lipids and the endometrium in breast-cancer patients taking tamoxifen. Climacteric 11 252–257doi:10.1080/13697130802163168.

[116] Kesim MD,

[117] Aydin Y,

[118] Atis A &

[119] Mandiraci G

[120] ↵

Koumantaki Y,

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Endocrine-Related Cancer

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